John I of Portugal
João I (pron. IPA /ʒu'ɐ̃ũ/), in English, John I (the Good or sometimes, the Great or even the One With Good Memory or of Good Memory), was the 10th king of Portugal and Algarve and the first to use the title Lord of Ceuta. He was born in Lisbon on April 11, 1357 and died in the same city on August 14, 1433. He was the natural son of Pedro I by a noble Galician lady called Teresa Lourenço. In 1364 he was created grand-master of the Order of Aviz. He became king of Portugal and Algarve in 1385, after the 1383–1385 Crisis.
On the death of his lawful brother Fernando in October 1383, without a male heir, strenuous efforts were made to secure the succession for princess Beatrice, his only daughter. As heiress-apparent Beatrice had been married to king John I of Castile, but the popular voice declared against an arrangement by which Portugal would virtually have become united with Castile. The 1383–1385 Crisis followed as a period of political anarchy, when no king ruled the country.
On April 6, 1385, the council of the kingdom (cortes in Portuguese) met in Coimbra and declared João, then Master of Aviz, king of Portugal. This was in effect a declaration of war against Castile and its claims to the Portuguese throne. Soon after, the king of Castile invaded Portugal, with the purpose of conquering Lisbon and removing João I from the throne. Juan I was accompanied by French allied cavalry as English troops and generals took the side of João (see Hundred years war). João I then named Nuno Alvares Pereira, his loyal and talented supporter, general and protector of the Kingdom. The invasion was repelled during the Summer after the Battle of Atoleiros, but especially after the decisive battle of Aljubarrota (August 14, 1385), where the Castilian army was virtually annihilated. Juan I of Castile then retreated and the stability of João I's throne was permanently secured.
In 1387, João I married Philippa of Lancaster, daughter of John of Gaunt who had proved to be a worthy ally, consolidating the union of the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance that endures to the present day.
After the death of Juan of Castile in 1390, without leaving issue by Beatrice, João I ruled in peace and pursued the economic development of the country. The only significant military action was the siege and conquest of the city of Ceuta in 1415 to control navigation of the African coast.
Contemporaneous writers describe him as a man of wit, very keen on concentrating the power on himself, but at the same time with a benevolent and kind personality. His youth education as master of a religious order made him an unusually learned king in the Middle Ages. His love for knowledge and culture was passed to his sons: Duarte, the future king, was a poet and a writer, Pedro, the duke of Coimbra, was one of the most learned princes of his time and Prince Henry the Navigator, the duke of Viseu, started a school of navigation and invested heavily in science and development of nautical topics. In 1430, his only surviving daughter, Isabella, married Philip III, Duke of Burgundy and enjoyed an extremely refined court in his lands; she was the mother of Charles the Bold.
Genealogical data
João I married at Oporto on February 2, 1387 Philippa of Lancaster, daughter of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster and Blanche of Lancaster. From that marriage were born several famous princes and princesses of Portugal (Infantes) that became known as the Ilustrous Generation (Portuguese: Ínclita Geração).
| Name | Birth | Death | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| By Philippa of Lancaster (1359–July 19, 1415; married on February 2, 1387) | |||
| Princess Branca | July 30, 1388 | March 1389 | |
| Prince Afonso | July 30, 1390 | December 22, 1390 | |
| Edward I | October 31, 1391 | September 13, 1438 | Who succeeded him as 11th King of Portugal. |
| Prince Peter | December 9, 1392 | May 20, 1449 | Duke of Coimbra. Died in the Battle of Alfarrobeira. |
| Prince Henry | December 4, 1394 | November 13, 1460 | Known as Henry the Navigator. Duke of Viseu and Grand-Master of the Order of Aviz. |
| Princess Isabel | February 11, 1397 | December 11, 1471 | Married to Philip III, Duke of Burgundy. |
| Princess Branca | 1398 | 1398 | |
| Prince John | January 13, 1400 | October 18, 1442 | Duke of Aveiro and grandfather of Isabella of Castile. |
| Prince Ferdinand | 1402 | June 5, 1443 | Died in captivity in Fes. |
| By Inês Pires (c. 1350–?) | |||
| Afonso | c. 1380 | December 1461 | Natural son and 1st Duke of Braganza. |
| Beatrice | c. 1382 | October 25, 1439 | Natural daughter. Married first to Thomas Fitzalan, 12th Earl of Arundel, possibly then to John Holland, 2nd Duke of Exeter. |
This article incorporates text from theEncyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.
Sources:
Williamson, D. 1988. ‘’Debrett’s Kings and Queens of Europe’’
| Preceded by: Fernando |
King of Portugal 1385–1433 |
Succeeded by: Edward |
